How to Identify Computer Virus Systems

How to Identify Computer Virus Systems

Look for obvious changes

             Look to see if there are any changes to your desktop, your favorites or in the way your computer acts in general. If your desktop icons have moved around or if anything has been added to your desktop, this is a sign you have a virus. Look in the "Add/Remove Programs" section in Control Panel and see if there are any programs that you don't remember installing. Often a virus will install other programs  that will cause problems. If you have a new toolbar in your we browser, this is another sign that you may have a virus.

Disconnect from the Internet

             If your computer acts differently when you are connected to the Internet, that is another sign you have a virus. One of the chief purposes of many viruses is to steal your computer resources. When you're not online, someone on the other end isn't able to get to your resources.

Check your speed

            One of the key ways to know if you have virus is if your computer is running slower. Sometimes the computer will run just a little bit slower, but after having a virus for some time the computer will become extremely slow in everything it does. Disconnecting from the Internet may speed your computer up, but with malicious viruses it may not matter whether or not you are connected to the Internet-the virus will use your resources just to cause you problems.

Beware of errors

            If you are getting strange errors or just more errors that do things like close your programs or cause you to restart your computer, there's a good chance you have a virus. Sometimes errors are normal, but they shouldn't happen constantly. Keep a log of when you get errors, what you were doing when it happened and how bad the error was.

Listen for noise

            If you computer is making a lot of crunching noises accessing the hard drive when you aren't doing anything, then it's likely being controlled by a virus or someone who set up the virus. Most of the time when you're not using you computer it shouldn't be doing anything.

Inspect your security software

           Check to see if your virus software, firewall or Windows updates have been changed or disabled. If you have security but it's not up-to-date or not quite good enough, a virus will disable the software to give itself and other viruses more access.

Virus

Virus

               A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect computer. The term "virus" is also commonly but enormously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, D, DVD, or USD drive. Viruses an increase their system or a file system that is accessed by another computer.

             The term "computer virus" is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, Trojans, most root kits, spyware, dishonest adware, crime-ware, and other malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but has a hidden agenda. Worms and Trojans, like viruses, may cause harm to either a computer system's hosted data, functional performance, or networking throughout, when they are executed. some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or go unnoticed.

              Computer viruses are the common cold of modern technology. they can spread swiftly across open networks such as the Internet, causing billions of rupees worth of damage  in a short span of time. Some viruses can be very destructive; they can format your hard drive, overwrite your hard drive boot sector, or delete files and render your machine inoperable.

1. Viruses enter your system via e-mail, downloads, infected floppy disks, or (occasionally) hacking.

2. By definition, a virus must be able to self-replicate (make copies of itself) to spread.

3. Thousands of viruses exist, but few are found "in the wild" (roaming, unchecked, across networks)     because most known viruses are laboratory-made, never released variations of common "wild"           viruses.

4. Virus behavior can range from annoying to destructive, but even relatively benign viruses tend to       be destructive due to bugs introduced by sloppy programming.

5. Anti-Virus software can detect nearly all types of known viruses, but it must be updated regularly to maintain effectiveness

Primary Connectors on the motherboard

Primary Connectors on the motherboard

                Power - A 20 or 24 pin connector i being connected to the ATX connector to accept a plug from the power supply. This plug carries DC power to all the circuits on the motherboard.

                Keyboard - A Mini-din 6-pin purple color round connector found at the back of the motherboard is the connector where keyboard is being plugged in.

                Mouse - This connector is not included into the motherboard but is built-in in this list since its task is very compulsory. It is a 15-pin, D-shell type connector specially found on a video card which the user have to install into the AGP connector of the motherboard which is in brown color and as today the motherboard are being highly developed and the VGA connectors are also inbuilt available in the motherboard and the even the AGP slots are being replaced by PCI Express slots which are being denoted in white color.

                IDE- The IDE are termed as Integrated Drive Electronics. These are 40 pin connectors that make available a place to connect the ribbon cables from the hard drives and also the CD or DVD ROM drive. All data among the motherboard and the drives is being passing on through these cables.

                FDD connector - It is like function to the IDE connector. It is a 34 pin ribbon connector that passes data among the motherboard and any floppy drive installed in the Computer. And the connector is in white color.

               DRAM - DRAM consists of Dynamic Random access Memory connectors especially for SIMM and DIMM type of memory modules. And confirm before installing the RAM whether the motherboard supports the DDR1 or the DDR2 memory module.

Serial connectors

              Standard Serial Connector - This connector has been about in PCs since they first appeared. It was initially located on ISA expansion type cards. Nowadays it is an essential part of latest motherboards. It is a 9-pin, D-shell connector that agrees to you to connect external devices with serial ports to your PC. The maximum data rate is 115 KB/s.

              USB - Universal Serial Bus- This is a comparatively new serial bus. Formerly specific as low speed, 1.2 Mb/s, it was improved to full speed, 12 Mb/s. The latest version 2.0 is specified as high speed of more than 400 MB/s. One day the USB will finally change the standard serial connector that has been the workhorse serial port in previous computers. At Present USB are the average connectors on all the latest motherboard available in the market. Not like the serial and parallel ports, the USB port is designed to power devices connected to it. The devices must be low power devices and must be able to reduce their current draw to less than 0.5uAmps when commanded to do so by the PC.

Parallel Connectors

               Centronix or Standard Parallel - This connector has been about in computers since they first emerged. It has 37-pins and is now included on recent motherboards. It is frequently used to attach your printer to the PC and moves data at speed of about 1MB/s.

               SCSI - The SCSI is being termed as Small Computer System Interface which sends the data at a maximum speed of up to 80Mb/s. It not included into most computer motherboards. It can be installed in a computer in a form of Expansion card. With the help of this card the user can connect around seven hard drives in one computer.

               Expansion Card Connectors - The CPU is being connected to expansion card connectors through one of the chip set ICs mentioned above. They are situated on the motherboard near the back of the computer. These connectors permit special utility cards to plug into and work with the computer. Before motherboards incorporated the serial and centronix connectors were found on expansion boards that plugged into ISA slots.

The Components of Motherboard

The Components of Motherboard

               The motherboard is the foundation on which a PC is built. It provides the interconnecting circuitry through which the primary components of the motherboard receive their power and pass control signals, data, addresses, and instructions to each other. In short, with a shows where the major components are found on a typical motherboard.

               CPU- The CPU (Control Processing Unit) is often seen in the motherboard as it is the main core of every computer. All arrangement, calculation and control happen here.

               BIOS - BIOS means Basic Input Output System which is a non-volatile memory that includes configuration details about the computer. It includes all the system required for the CPU to converse with the keyboard, mouse video display, hard drives and also other connections devices. When a PC is power-driven on it uses the BIOS 'boot code' set up much essential task that gets the Computer to a point where it is set to work.

              RTC - RTC means Real Time Clock or it is mostly called as CMOS chip which maintains the date, day and time in a 24 hour format just like your watch. The computer uses this clock to 'time stamp' files as they are produced and customized. Whenever the user print a file it time stamps the pages as they are printed.

             ChipSet - These are big chip(s) that combine many tasks which are used to create in split into smaller chips on the motherboard. As they save lots of space and cost. The task completed by these chipsets frequently not working into two strategy with one if an interface from the CPU to the memory and the other providing controllers for IDE, ISA, PCI and USB devices.

Motherboard

Motherboard

          The motherboard is easily the most important part of the computer. Although there are a number of components that a PC cannot function without, it's the motherboard that ties them all together and turns them into a personal computer. The motherboard, or main boards, of a PC is a large printed circuit board that is home to many of the most essential parts of the computer, including the microprocessor, chipset, cache, memory sockets, expansion bus, parallel and serial arts, mouse and keyboard connectors, and IDE, EIDE, or SCSI controllers, among other components of the PC. The motherboard binds the PC's operational components together.

           

          There is a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and types of motherboards available. There is at least one motherboard design from at least one manufacturer to fit just about every PC still running. Manufacturers attempt to set their motherboards apart from the others and to increase their value by incorporating more or fewer controllers, expansion buses, boards, this  is to your benefit because there is a very wide range of motherboards with a long list of features that will fit into an even wider range fo PCs. This wide range of selection is also the bad news. If you don't do your homework before buying a new motherboard, you can end up with lower quality components than you may desire. In most situations, a motherboard is just something that comes with the computer. More often than not, a completely new PC is purchased instead of the motherboard being upgraded.

Partitioning the Hard Disk

                                              Partitioning the Hard Disk

                 As described in the previous section, a disk must be physically formatted (low-level format), partitioned, and logically formatted (high-level format) before it can store data. The partitioning phase creates physical divisions of the disk that can be used to segment the disk and allow for two or more operating systems or the creation of multiple file systems.

Partitioning the hard disk allows you to:

• Divide the disk into logical "sub-drives" that can be addressed separately with a drive letter assigned to each, such as C:,D:, and E:
• Create separate areas on the disk for multiple operating systems, such as storing Windows and Linux on the same hard disk, each in its own partition.
• Separate program files from data files on separate disk partitions to facilitate faster and easier data backups. 

           Partitioning a hard disk can improve the disk's efficiency. For example, windows assigns                      disk clusters (logical collections of sectors) that are sized in proportion to partition size. Bigger            clusters may sound like a good thing, but just the opposite is true. Large disk drives or bigger              partitions result in bigger clusters, which unfortunately result in small unused spaces on the                 disk. By reducing the size of the disk or more smaller partitions, the result is reduced clusters                sizes.                          

                   If you wish to have only one partition on your disk, that's perfectly all right. However,                  you should know that on some systems, if you wish to use the entire  disk, you will have                      to create smaller partitions. For example, on DOS, Windows 3x, or an early release of                         Windows 95, partition sizes must be smaller than 2GB, which means that a disk larger than 2               GB  must be divided into two or more partitions if you wish to us the entire disk. Windows 98             and Windows 2000 allow you to create partitions of up to 4TB (terabytes).

                A hard disk can be divided into two types of partitions:

• Primary partitions: the primary partition contains the operating system and is usually the one from which the  PC is booted. A hard disk can be divided into a maximum of four primary partitions, but on most operating systems, only one primary partition may be active at a time.

• Extended Partitions: this type of partition can be divided into as may as 23 logical partitions, each of which can be assigned its own drive identity. Extended petitions can be used for any purpose.

Hard Disk Construction

                                              Hard Disk Construction

                 There are many different types and styles of hard disks on the market, all of which have roughly the same physical components. The differences among th different drive styles and types are usually in the components-the materials used and the way they are put togeter. But essentially one disk drive operates like all others. the major components in typical hard disk drive are as follows:

• Disk platters
• spindle and spindle motor
• Read/write heads
• Head actuators
• Air filter
• Logic board 
• Connectors and jumpers
• Bezel

         On this list, only the connectors and jumpers are accessible outside of the enclosure that houses all of the other components of the disk drive. The metal case and the components it encloses form what is called the Hard Disk assembly (HDA). The HDA is a sealed unit that is never opened. The following sections provide and overview of each of the hard disk's components.

Hard Disk Drives

                                                          Hard Disk Drives

              The hard disk is hardly a personal computer invention. The first hard disks, which first showed up in the 1950s on mainframe computers, were 20 inches in diameter and held only a few megabytes of data. Hard disks were originally called "fixed disks" and "Winchester drives" and became known as hard disks later to differentiate them from floppy disks. However, the basic technology used in the earliest hard disks has not changed all that much over the years, although the size and capacity of the drives has.

               It is the main storage device. It consists of all of the computer's item as well as documents created by using all software. It lies inside the system Board (CPU Box). Technically microcomputer hard disks are called or fixed disks, as they are a pack of disks permanently sealed inside a disk drive.

              The sealed case contains platters fixed in place, read/write heads and other part of mechanisms. It over-comes much of the danger of dust, magnetism and fingerprints interfering with the data. the read/write heads do not actually touch the surface of the disk (as floppy disk drives) but fly over it on a cushion of air.

Network Structures

                                                        Network Structures

                As indicated above, creating a network can be as simple as connecting two PCs together or connecting together thousands, even millions, or other networks. Depending on the needs of the users, a network can be quite simple or it can be very complex. There are two basic network structures:

Peer-to-peer (peer-based) networks

                 Two or more computers directly connected to one another for the sole purpose of directly sharing data and hardware resources. In the below figure, Ram and Shyam are directly connected by a cable and are able to grant permission to each other to open and use files and programs stored on their PCs and to share CD-ROM drives, printers, and other hardware. On a peer-based network, each user is responsible for the security and access of his or her PC because there is no central administrator. A peer-to-peer network is practically limited to not more than ten PCs arranged as a LAN.

Server-based (client/server) networks 

                   A network of connected computers and peripherals with a centralized server that facilitates the sharing of network data, software, and hardware resources. A client/server network typically has a central administrator that manages the permissions and access to the resources of the network. This structure is used for the majority of LANs and virtually all WANs and other network types that connect over a WAN. Any computer that requests services, such as a file, a program, or printing from the network is a client, and any computer that services the requests made to the network is a server. Depending on the request, any computer on the network can be a client for one type of request and a server for another. On a larger network, centralized computers process a variety of services for the computers connected to the network. Typically, on larger networks clients are clients and servers are servers.

Benefits of a computer networking

Benefits of a computer networking

                  Technically speaking networking can be defined as a bunch of computers that have with wires running in between them. If proper implementation of a network is done it acts as a system that provides unique capabilities, to its users. These are much beyond the abilities of individual machines and software applications associated with them.

                  The benefits networking offers to its users can be separated into two main groups i.e. sharing and connectivity. Networks make computers and their users capable of being connected together. this facilities sharing of resources and information between the users. The modern businesses are expanded all over the world. So, uses and significance of networking has gained momentum during the last years. The may benefits that networking offers to us are:

• Helps to enhance connectivity: Networks connect and link unlimited number of computers. This in turn connects the people using those computers. Individuals within a work group are connected through local area networks. Many LANs in far off locations are interconnected through larger wide area networks (WANs). These connections ease out communication between people using technologies like e-mail. today e-mail has become the easiest, and cheapest mode of transformation of information between the users.

• File sharing: Networking of computers helps the users to share data files.

• Hardware sharing: Users can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-ROM drives, hard drives etc.

• Application sharing: Applications can be shared over the network, and this allows to implement client/server applications.

• User communication: Networks allow users to communicate using e-mail, newsgroups, and video conferencing etc.

• Internet: The must beautiful gift of networking is internet that is massively used by people all over the world. Whenever you are accessing Internet, you are making use of a network. The benefits of internet need no mentioning. thanks to the wonderful world of networking.

• Network gaming: Lot of games are available, which are supports multi-users.

Introduction of computer Networking

Introduction of computer Networking

             

                   In its most basic form, a network is two or more computers that are connected with a communications line for purposes of sharing resources. so, if two computers connect to each other over a telephone line or through a piece of cable or even through a wireless connection and the users are able to access ad share files and peripheral devices on the other computers, a network is formed. the individual systems must be connected through a physical pathway (called the transmission medium). All systems on the physical pathway must follow a set of common communication rules for data to arrive at its intended destination; and for the sending and receiving systems to understand each other. The rules that govern computer communication are called protocols.

Networking must have the following:

• Something to share (data)
• A physical pathway (transmission medium)
• Rules of communication (protocols)

History of the Internet

                                                    History of the Internet

                   The Internet was developed by the U.S Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early 1969 bearing the name ARPA wide area network (ARPANET). Motivated by the Cold War, the Department of Defense Was seeking to establish a decentralized communication network which would be more resilient to a bomb attack than the telephone system. To achieve this goal, the Department of Defense would need a robust network capable of functioning when individual nodes were crashed. That is, unlike the telephone system which could be rendered largely useless when a few key carriers were destroyed, the Internet would remain functional. As a result of these objectives, the Internet has the ability to automatically re-route the information it carries, whereas the telephone system does not.

     

                   By the late 1970's, several computer networks were using ARPANET; however, the technology did not exist to allow communication between networks. ARPANET could be utilized to establish network communication, but there did not exist a standard technology that would allow different networks to communicate with one another. Therefore, in its early form, ARPANET did not support internet work communication and was not a 'true' internet, rather, it was a system of independent networks. Initially, the Internet connected a small group of research centers located at major universities and the Department of Defense. These research centers were mainly involved in military technology projects. Use of ARPANET was soon extended to other major universities. The consequent growth and diversity of the Internet is largely related, directly of indirectly, to the research and applications of universities.

                Due to the growth in the demand for Internet usage, by the mid 1980's it was apparent that ARPANET did not have sufficient capacity to meet future needs. In 1989, ARPANET was decommissioned and replaced by a network managed by the National science Foundation (NSF). The resulting network was known as the NSFNET. Shortly after the development of the NSFNET, it again became clear that capacity was not sufficient to meet growing demand. In addition, the U.S. government realized that it could not continue to fund the Internet indefinitely Therefore, the government looked to private industry for development and funding. IBM, MERIT, and MCI formed a non-profit corporation ot fund research and development of a new wide area network backbone, the ANSNET, the capacity of which was 30 times that of NSFNET. In 1995, MCI developed a new wide area network backbone know as the very high-speed backbone network system, vBNS.

                Thus, the Internet has gone through several capacity expansions and technological  developments since its inception in the late 1960's. These developments have been driven by the demand for access and bandwidth. In addition to the scope of the Internet's expansion, it is significant that the Internet is attracting the interest and funding of the private sector rather being developed solely by the public sector.

What is Internet?

                                                           What is Internet?

               The Internet allows computers all over the world to communicate with each other and share information. It is a global network of computers. Millions of Computers around the world can share any information at a time by using this worldwide network system.

               The network consists of millions of computer networks connected together around the world. A network is a group of connected Computers each other. Each government, company and organization is responsible for maintaining sits own network. No one organization owns or controls the internet. There are no government's rules and regulation for internet and no one censors the information available in the Internet.

           

                 Two or more physical networks, connected by routers, that maintain a map of the physical networks on the Internet and forward data received from one physical network to  enter physical networks. Network users in an Internet can share information and network devices.

Windows error message "Bootmgr is missing Press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart"

Windows error message "Bootmgr is missing Press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart"

This error indicates that the boot sector is damaged or missing.

Use the following methods to troubleshoot this Windows Start error.

Resolution

                  Note To complete these steps, you must have a Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7 or Windows Vista installation disc. If you do not have a disc, please contact your computer manufacturer or Microsoft Support to obtain one. If you do not have an installation disc and Startup Repair is a preinstalled recovery option on your computer, try method 4.

Method 1: Run Startup Repair from Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)

To run Startup Repair from the Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE), follow these steps:

• Insert the Windows installation disc into the disc drive, and then start the computer.
• Press a key when the message Press any key to boot from CD or DVD appears.
• If your PC does not detect the media automatically
• During the restart process, read the screen for any instructions that explain how to interrupt normal startup and enter the basic input/output system (BIOS) setup utility. Most PCs use the F2, F10, ESC, or DEL key to begin the BIOS Setup.
• Look for a tab in the BIOS Setup Utility that is labeled Boot Order, Boot Options, or Boot. Following the directions on the screen, use the arrow keys to go to the Boot Order, then press Enter.
• Locate the CD, DVD, or USB flash drive (this might be called Removable Device) in the Boot list. Following the directions on the screen, use the arrow keys to move the drive up so that it appears first in the Boot list. Press Enter. The boot order sequence is now changed to boot from the CD, DVD, or USB flash drive.
• Press F10 to save your changes and to exit the BIOS Setup Utility. Select Yes in the confirmation window. The PC will restart.
• Select a language, a time and a currency, a keyboard or input method, and then click Next.
• Click Repair your computer.
• In the System Recovery Options dialog box, select the drive of your Windows installation, and then click Next.
• At the System Recovery Options dialog box, click Repair your computer.
• Click the operating system that you want to repair, and then click Next.
• In the System Recovery Options dialog box, click Startup Repair.
• For more information about System Recovery Options, see What are the system recovery options in Windows?

For more information about Startup Repair, see Startup Repair: frequently asked questions.

Method 2: Rebuild the boot configuration data (BCD) from Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)

• Put the Windows installation disc in the disc drive, and then start the computer.
• Press a key when the message Press any key to boot from CD or DVD appears.
• If your PC does not detect the media automatically
• During the restart process, read the screen for any instructions that explain how to interrupt normal startup and enter the basic input/output system (BIOS) setup utility. Most PCs use the F2, F10, ESC, or DEL key to begin the BIOS Setup.
• Look for a tab in the BIOS Setup Utility that is labeled Boot Order, Boot Options, or Boot. Following the directions on the screen, use the arrow keys to go to the Boot Order, then press Enter.
• Locate the CD, DVD, or USB flash drive (this might be called Removable Device) in the Boot list. Following the directions on the screen, use the arrow keys to move the drive up so that it appears first in the Boot list. Press Enter. The boot order sequence is now changed to boot from the CD, DVD, or USB flash drive.
• Press F10 to save your changes and to exit the BIOS Setup Utility. Select Yes in the confirmation window. The PC will restart. Allow the PC to restart normally. The scan will take a few minutes and remove any malware that may be infecting your computer.
• Select a language, a time, a currency, a keyboard or another input method, and then click Next.
• Click Repair your computer.
• Click the operating system that you want to repair, and then click Next.
• In the System Recovery Options dialog box, click Command Prompt.
• Type Bootrec /RebuildBcd, and then press ENTER.

For more information about how to use Bootrec.exe, see How to use the Bootrec.exe tool in the Windows Recovery Environment to troubleshoot and repair startup issues in Windows.

Method 3: Run System Restore from Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)

Important This method requires that System Restore is enabled on your computer.

• To run System Restore from Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE), follow these steps:
• Insert the Windows installation disc into the disc drive, and then start the computer.
• Press a key when the message Press any key to boot from CD or DVD appears.
• If your PC does not detect the media automatically
• During the restart process, read the screen for any instructions that explain how to interrupt normal startup and enter the basic input/output system (BIOS) setup utility. Most PCs use the F2, F10, ESC, or DEL key to begin the BIOS Setup.
• Look for a tab in the BIOS Setup Utility that is labeled Boot Order, Boot Options, or Boot. Following the directions on the screen, use the arrow keys to go to the Boot Order, then press Enter.
• Locate the CD, DVD, or USB flash drive (this might be called Removable Device) in the Boot list. Following the directions on the screen, use the arrow keys to move the drive up so that it appears first in the Boot list. Press Enter. The boot order sequence is now changed to boot from the CD, DVD, or USB flash drive.
• Press F10 to save your changes and to exit the BIOS Setup Utility. Select Yes in the confirmation window.
• Select a language, a time and currency, and a keyboard or input method, and then click Next.
• Click Repair your computer.
• In the System Recovery Options dialog box, select the drive of your Windows installation, and then click Next.
• In the System Recovery Options dialog box, click System Restore.
• Follow the System Restore Wizard instructions and select the appropriate restore point.
• Click Finish to restore the system.
• For more information about how to use System Restore, see System Restore: frequently asked questions.
• 
  

Method 4: Use Startup Repair on a computer that has a preinstalled recovery option on your computer

Important This method is available only if Startup Repair is a preinstalled recovery option on your computer.

• If you do not have a Windows installation disc, and Startup Repair is a preinstalled recovery option on your computer, follow these steps to repair startup files:
• Remove all floppy disks, CDs, and DVDs from your computer, and then restart your computer by using the computer's power button.
• If your computer has a single operating system installed, press and hold the F8 key as your computer restarts. You have to press F8 before the Windows logo appears. If the Windows logo appears, you have to try again by waiting until the Windows logon prompt appears, and then shutting down and restarting your computer.
• If your computer has more than one operating system, use the arrow keys to highlight the operating system that you want to repair, and then press and hold F8.

• On the Advanced Boot Options screen, use the arrow keys to highlight Repair your computer, and then press Enter. (If Repair your computer isn't listed as an option, then your computer doesn't include preinstalled recovery options, or your network administrator has turned them off.)
• Select a keyboard layout, and then click Next.
• Select a user name, type the password, and then click OK.
• On the System Recovery Options menu, click Startup Repair. Startup Repair might prompt you to make choices as it tries to fix the problem and, if it is necessary, it might restart your computer as it makes repairs.

Applies to

Windows 10 Pro, released in July 2015

Windows 10 Enterprise, released in July 2015

Windows Vista Starter

Windows Vista Home Basic

Windows Vista Home Premium

Windows Vista Business

Windows Vista Enterprise

Windows Vista Ultimate

Windows 7 Starter

Windows 7 Home Basic

Windows 7 Home Premium

Windows 7 Enterprise

Windows 7 Professional

Windows 7 Ultimate

Windows 8

Windows 8 Enterprise

Windows 8 Pro

Windows 8.1

Windows 8.1 Enterprise

Windows 8.1 Pro

How to Install Windows XP professional (Service Pack 2)?

How to Install Windows XP professional (Service Pack 2)?

• Start your PC & place your widows XP CD in your CD/DVD ROM drive. (Your PC should automatically detect the CD and you will get a message saying "Press any key to boot from CD", soon as computer start booting from the CD. You will get the following screen.)

                  Set up is in inspecting your computer's hardware configuration.

• You will then get a windows XP professional setup screen. You have the option to do a new windows install, repair previous or quit. since we are doing a new install we just press enter to continue.

• You will be presented with the end user licensing agreement. Press F8 key to accept and continue.

• This step is very important. Here we will create the partition where windows will be installed. We can also delete the partition at a same time.

• Select partition 1 (C:) Drive and press Enter key.

• Choose format the partition using NTFS file system. This is the recommended file system if the hard disk has been formatted before then you can choose quick NTFS format. We choose NTFS because it offers many security features supports larger drive size, and bigger size files.

• Press Enter key windows will new start formatting Drive C: and start copying set up files on the two images: Set up is formatting and set up is copying files.

• After the set up has completed coping the files the computer will automatically restart. Leave the XP CD in the drive but this time do not press any key when the message. "Press any key boot from CD" is displayed. In few second setup will continue. Windows through the setup process of gathering information about your computer.

• Choose your region and language.

• Type in your name or organization.

• Enter your product key.

• E.g. VDDF2, JJWM3, X7p27, FRHRT, 8BVHT.

• Name the computer and enter and administrator password. Don't forget to write down your administrator password.

• Enter the correct date, time choose your time zone.

• For the network setting choose "Typical" and Press "next."

• choose work group or domain name. If you are not a member a main then leave the default setting and Press "Next".

• Finally windows will start and present you with a welcome screen.

• Click Next to continue.

• Choose help protect my PC by turning on automatic update now and Press Next.

• Select no this computer will connect directly into the internet option and Click Next.

• Ready to activate windows.

• Choose Yes if you wish to activation over the internet now. Choose know if you want to activation windows at a later stage.

• Add user that will sign on to this computer and Click on Next.

• You will get a thank you screen to conform setup complete and Click Finish.

• Login to your PC for the first time.

• You now need to check the device manager to conform that all the driver has been loaded or , if there are any conflicts.

• From the start menu.

• Select Start-settings-control panel.

• Click on the system icon and then from the system properties window select the hardware tab, then Click on device manager.

•     If there are any yellow exclamation mark "!" next to any of the listed device, it means that no drivers. or incorrect drivers has been loaded for that device. If our case we have a video controller (VGA card) which has no drivers installed.

Instilling New Printer in Windows XP

Instilling New Printer in Windows XP

• Make sure your printer is plugged in, connected to your computer, turned on, and has paper in it.
• Go to Start Button. The Start menu will appear.
• Highlight Settings. A sub menu will appear.
• Click Printers and Faxes. The Printers and Faxes control panel will appear.
• Double-click on Add Printer. The Add Printer Wizard will open.
• Follow the onscreen instructions.

• Cancel a print job
• Go to start Button. The Start menu will appear.
• Highlight Settings. A sub menu will appear.
• Click Printers and Faxes. The Printers and Faxes control panel will appear.
• Double-click the printer to which you sent the print jobs. The Printer window will open.
• Click the job you want to stop. If you want to stop more than one job, hold down the Control key while you click the additional jobs.
• Click Document, which is located on the menu bar.
• Click Cancel. If you want to delete all print jobs, click Cancel All Documents.

Features of Windows 7

Features of Windows 7

Speed

                  Even aside from incompatibilities and other issues that many people had with Vista, one of the most straightforward was speed- it just felt too sluggish compared to XP, even on pumped up hardware. Windows 7 brings a more responsive and sprightly fell and Microsoft has spent a lot of time and effort getting the Start Menu response just right.

                 Microsoft has also recognized the need for improved desktop responsiveness, which gives the impression that the computer is responding to the user and that they are in control- something that was often lacking with Vista.

      

                You can also expect faster boot times. And the boot sequence is now not only prettier than it was with Vista, but it's speedier too.

Compatibility

               In simple terms, compatibility on Windows 7 will be far better than it was with Vista. Many programs that individuals and companies used on Windows XP did not work immediately and required updates, but with Windows 7 almost all applications that work on Vista should still run.

              In essence, windows Vista has done most of the hard work for Windows 7 in this respect.

Lower hardware requirements

              Vista gained a reputation for for making even the beefiest hardware look rather ordinary. Windows 7, however, will run well on lower end hardware, making the transition from Window XP less painful. Microsoft is even pushing Windows 7 for netbooks. This could provide a modern replacement for windows XP, which has found a new lease of life as the OS of choice on netbooks, supplanting Linux. The downside is that Windows 7 Starter Edition, as it will be called, will be limited to only three applications running at the same time.

Search and organization

               One of the best things about Windows 7 is the improved search tool, which now rivals Mac OS X's spotlight to be able to find what you need quickly and easily. Flr example, typing 'mouse' will bring up the mouse option within the control panel or typing a word will display it and split it up neatly into files, folders and applications.

               Also introduced is the concept of Libraries, which takes the 'My Documents' concept a stage further. The various Libraries, such as Documents and pictures, will watch multiple locations which you can add yourself, so you don't have to keep everything in one place.

Task Bar/Start menu

               At first glance, the task bar looks like nothing has much has changed since Vista. In fact, that's not the case and it's a lot more powerful. Microsoft is now making best use of its aero technology. By default, task bar icons are now larger and items are grouped together and are not labeled with clumsy text. If you have multiple Word documents or Windows Explorer windows open then you'll see a sake appear on the task bar. Hover the mouse over the app and each window will be visible in a thumbnail. Hover over each thumbnail and it will become visible, while all other open windows temporarily disappear, save for their outlines. You can close each document or Window down from the thumbnail directly or click on it to bring it to the front.

VGA Install Driver

VGA Install Driver

• Right click on My computer.

• Click on properties.

• Click on hardware.

• Click on Device manager.

• Right click on video controller.

• Click on update driver.

            A) Install the software automatically.
            B) Install from for a list.

•  C) Choose option (B).

• Click on next.

• Click on don't search.

• Click on Next.

• Click on display adapter.

• Click on Next.

• Then burn process will be start.

             OR,

• Choose CD ROM.
• Select VGA,
• Click on open Install Intel.
• Choose chip set number.
• E.g. 945/845/865/ etc.
• Choose operating system.
• Select graphic.
• Choose operating system folder.
• Select any one files and open It.
• Press OK button.

         OR,

• 
  
• Click on start button.
• Click on setting.
• Click on control panel.
• Click on add hardware.
• Click on tick mark.

              I have already install

• Click on Next.
• Choose video controller.
• Click on Next.
• Click on Finish.

        OR,

• Open the My computer.
• Open VGA,
• Choose chip set number.
• Choose operating system.
• Double click on set up icon.
• Click on next.
• Again click on Next.
• Click on finish.
• Click on Yes to restart. 

How To Installing Windows XP?

How To Installing Windows XP?

• If you start from scratch, change the boot-up sequence in the BIOS to boot from CD ROM first and let the Windows setup program run from the CD-ROM.

• Place your Windows XP CD in your CD/DVD-ROM drive. Your PC should automatically detect the CD and you will get a message saying "Press any key to boot from CD".

• In this case, It is assumed that you want to install Windows XP from scratch and have already portioned and formatted your hard drive.

• You will then get a Windows XP Professional Setup screen. You have the option to do  new Windows install, Repair previous install or quit. Since we are doing a new install we just press Enter to continue.

• You will be presented with the End User Licensing Agreement. Press F8 to accept and continue.

• Here it is assumed that you want to install Windows XP from scratch and have already partitioned and formatted your hard drive.

• Now the Windows XP setup program will start the installation process by copying the setup files to your hard drive.

• After the setup has completed copying the files the compute will restart. Leave the XP CD in the drive but this time DO NOT press any key when the message "Press any key to boot from CD" is displayed. In few seconds setup will continue. Windows XP Setup wizard will guide you through the setup process of gathering information about your computer.

• Choose your region and language.

• Type in your name and organization. 

• Enter your product key.

.

• Name the computer, and enter and Administrator password. Don't forget the write down your Administrator password.

• Enter the correct date, time and choose your time zone.

• For the network setting choose typical and press next.

• Choose work group or domain name. If you are not a member of a domain then leave the default settings and press next. Windows will restart again and adjust the display.

• Finally Windows will start and present you with a Welcome screen. Click next to continue.

• choose 'help protect my PC by turning on automatic updates now' and press next.

• Will this computer connect to the internet directly, or through a network? If you are connected to a router or LAN then choose: 'Yes, this computer will connect through a local area network or home network'. If you have dial up modem choose: 'No, this computer will connect directly to the internet'. 

• Then click on next.Ready to activate Windows? Choose yes if you wish to active Windows over the internet now. Choose no if you want to activate Windows at a later stage.

• Add users that will sign on to this computer and click next.

• You will get a Thank you screen to confirm setup is complete. 

• Click on finish.

What is Windows XP?

What is Windows XP?

      Microsoft Windows XP OS has been a very popular operating system in homes to offices and IT to industrial segments. Windows XP works well for Laptops and PCs that tend to have more than enough memory and processing power. But, when it comes to OS capable running on embedded targets such as ATMs, kiosks,set-top boxes and human machine interfaces (HMI), an OS which is customizable and reliable while having a small footprint is required. Windows XP Embedded offers the power of Windows but is flexible to be considered for the above mentioned applications.

Troubleshooting Mouse

Troubleshooting Mouse

                Mouse is the simplest peripheral available for your computer. While they are reasonably forgiving to wear and tear, mouse can easily be affected by dust, debris and other foreign material introduced from the ball. Contamination of this sort is almost never damaging, but it can cause some problems when using the mouse.

                A routine clearing will help you to prevent contamination problem. You can sue mouse cleaning kit to speed the cleaning process. The kit includes cleaning solvent, a dust free cotton towel and a can of compressed air.

Shut down the computer:

              It is a good idea to shut down the PC when cleaning the mouse. Any open applications, including Windows, could do some weird things as you clean the mouse. You should deffinitely shut down the PC if you are planning to disconnect the mouse (assuming you have a cabled mouse) from the PC.

Remove the Ball: 

              A ball is held in place by a retaining lring, which is present on the bottom of the mouse. Rotate the ring clockwise and remove it gently and the ball will fall out. Wash your hands thoroughly before touching the mouse ball. Tip the mouse and drop the ball into your palm, copping your hand so the mouse ball doesn't fall on the floor or table. Examine the ball for pits, cracks, or flat spots. Make sure that the ball is not lopsided of oval-shaped. If the ball has any of these problems, it needs to be replaced. Spare mouse balls are not easy to get, so your best bet is to replace the mouse.

Clean the ball:

              Wash the ball in warm soap water and then dry it thoroughly with a clean dust free towel. Place the ball in a safe place with the retaining ring.

Remove the dust:

             Use a can of compressed air to remove any dust or debris that has accumulated inside the mouse.

Clean the rollers:

              Notices that there are three rollers inside the mouse - X roller, Y roller and a small pressure roller that keeps the ball pressed against the X and Y rollers.

             Use a clean cotton cloth dipped in cleaning solvent to clean off any layer of dust or substance that may have accumulated on the rollers.

Resemble and test:

              Allow everything to dry completely. Then place the ball inside the mouse and put the retaining ring at its place. Now move the ring clockwise again to close the mouse. Reconnect the mouse ande test the mouse to be sure that it is performing well.

How to Keep a Laptop Keyboard Clean

How to Keep a Laptop Keyboard Clean

1. Use keyboard protective film. A good keyboard protective film can effectively reduce the wear         and tear and prevent dust and debris from falling into the keyboard slots.

2. Wash your hands before using the laptop. The keyboard is the most easily soiled part on a               laptop. in order to avoid the keyboard of oil, wash your hands before using laptop, so as not to            dirty the keyboard.

3. Do not be too "violent". Many players use the laptop to play games, so a few frequently-used           buttons tend to wear out more quickly than the other keys. Pay attention to the intensity of your           typing if you use the keyboard frequently.

4. Use canned air to remove dust and particles. If you do not have canned air available, you can         also use a hair dryer to remove dust, but note that the hair dryer must be set to "cool" so that it only     blows cold air.

5. Do not eat or drink near, or over, the keyboard. Foreign bodies can fall into the cracks in a             keyboard, which will affect normal use. Water and other liquids may lead to more serious                   consequences.

How to Clean the Laptop Case

How to Clean the Laptop Case

      The best way to give the laptop case a bath is with a damp sponge. Follow these steps:

1. Use standard dish washing liquid, by mixing it at about 1 part detergent to 5 parts water.

    Avoid using detergent that contains strong chemicals (acid or alkaline). Don't use abrasive                   powders.

2. Soak the sponge in the mixture, and then wring the sponge clean.

3. Gently wipe the laptop's case.

  Ensure that the sponge is dry enough that it doesn't drip liquid into the laptop. Do not clean inside        any disk openings or the PC Card slots. Never spray any liquids into those openings, either.

4. When you're done with the sponge, wipe off any excess moisture or dust by using a lint-free cloth.

   You might also want to use cotton swabs to clean some of the gunk from the cracks

Things to remember about mouse

Things to remember about mouse

• Verify all signal cable extensions and the keyboard, Video, Mouse (KVM) switch box have been removed prior to any troubleshooting.

• Verify the mouse is connected to the correct PS/2 or USB port.

• Try connecting the mouse to the second USB part.

• Try connecting the mouse to a second system with a working USB port to verify that the USB mouse hardware is working.

• Try connecting another USB device into the same USB port. If the second device is detected correctly, the mouse may be defective. If the second device is also not detected correctly, the USB port may be disabled or not functioning properly.

• If the mouse pointer does not move smoothly with the movement of the mouse, try cleaning your mouse. 

• Verify the latest mouse drivers have been properly installed. Use the link below to find the latest mouse driver for your system.

• Verify that only one mouse is connected to the machine.

• Verify that the mouse is enabled in the System Configuration Utility (BIOS).

• Check the mouse on another machine. 

• Check another mouse on this machine.

How to Clean the Laptop LCD Screen

How to Clean the Laptop LCD Screen

1. For general cleaning,get a soft, lint-free cloth. Use it to wipe the dust off the monitor.

2. Dampen a sponge or lint-free cloth with water. Be sure to wring out all the excess moisture. Rub         the  screen's surface gently, and don't get any excess liquid on or inside the monitor.

3. Let the monitor dry completely before closing the lid!

   

 Here are some other things to remember.

• Often times, the keyboard creates "stains" on the screen. They're hard to avoid and even harder to clean off. To help prevent the stains, consider storing the soft, lint-free cloth that you use to clean the monitor inside the laptop, between the keyboard and screen.

• Office-supply stores carry special LCD screen cleaners as well as the lint-free wipes that you can use to clean your screen and the rest of your laptop.
• Avoid using alcohol or ammonia-based cleaners on your laptop screen! They can damage the LCD Screen. 
• Never squirt any cleaner directly on a laptop's screen.

How Get Most Out of Your Laptop Battery?

How Get Most Out of Your Laptop Battery?

•  Always dim your laptop's display whenever possible.
•  Always disable Wi-Fi and Bluetooth when your are not using them.
•  Always remember to disconnect any external devices like USB drives and external hard drives.
•  Some people have habit of just leaving there laptop while it is still charging. Please never charge your laptop's battery constantly.

•  Always charge your laptop's battery fully up to 100%.
•  Just disable or deactivate unwanted processes running in the background like scheduled tasks, antivirus scan or software updates etc.
•  Uninstall unnecessary services in your system tray. Disable transparency to get most out of your battery.
•  Empty your CD/DVD drives and always remember to eject any CD or DVD you have finished playing.
•  Switch off the screensaver to save some battery power. Always use original Adapter to charge the laptop battery.

How to Keep your Laptop Safe and Healthy?

How to Keep your Laptop Safe and Healthy?

  

            Laptop is one of our necessities these days. We use it for the whole day. As we neglect caring about laptops, it starts reducing the life span of laptop. Thus, to increase the life span of your laptop it is important that you must take care of your laptop. There are few things which we all know when it comes to taking care of the laptops but we generally ignore it and thus it results in damage of laptop or its parts.

Don't's

•  Don't put the battery on power for long, it might result in battery failure and reduce the life span of battery.
•  Never put any gadget which emit heat or radiations near laptop.
•  Don't keep your on rough or unstable surface.
•  Don't keep any hard or pointedthing near laptop screen, it might result in scratches.
•  Don't keep food or drink near laptop and don't use dirty hands while using laptop.
• 
  

Do's

•  Always use a proper size of laptop bag.
•  While using WiFi, make sure that your antivirus/firewall program is running and updated.
•  While using laptop with LCD or DLP projector, keep your laptop bit away from fan system of DLP unit.
•  Clean keyboard with tooth brush or if there is lots of dust, use hair dryer to blow the dust away.
•  Make habit to shut down the laptop whenever it's in idle mode.
• It is always better to take care of your laptop rather than sending it to service center again and again. Above tips are for preventing the damages in your laptop and remember that prevention is always better than cure.

How to Buy Laptop

How to Buy Laptop

               Home users are turning to the laptops or notebooks are their PC. Before you buy a laptop for your home of office use it is important that you consider the few basic things that affect on your decision making process. There are different types of the laptops such as for the home lusers, frequent flyers, business users, students, gamers and for performing the office tasks. The portability and the great performance of the notebook has made them essential for our daily lives.

      

              The laptops are the wonderful replacement of the desktop computers due to their portability, mobility, light weight, wireless connectivity and other great features. A notebook has all the features and components that a desktop computer has like the processor, hard disk, RAM, graphic card, LAN card, USB port, removable Medias and wireless connectivity.

      

             The most popular manufacturers of the laptop are Dell, Compaq, HP, Sony, Toshiba, Lenovo, Accer, Gateway, IBM and Apple. The following tips will help you to make your laptop decision making process easy for you.

Size

             If you do a lot of traveling or you are frequent flyer then you need to buy a thin and ultra portable laptop. The average size of the traveling laptop ranges between 8 to 15 pounds. If you want laptop for your performing home usage of office work then you need a laptop with wider screen and with all the features of the desktop computer.

Processor

             A processor is a brain of the laptop or a desktop computer. Intel Core 2 Duo is the latest and the fastest processor by the Intel Corporation. It provides the energy-efficient performance which enables you to do multiple tasks at a time. Intel Core 2 Duo is a good choice for the processor of your laptop. It provides the clock speed up to 2.60GHz.

Graphics

                If you require the extra multiple performance for playing games, watching movies and photo/video editing then ATTs new Mobility Radeon 9200 and 9600 provides the best graphics solutions for the laptops.

Memory

              RAM or physical memory is an important component inside a PC or a laptop comter. The amount of the RAM is dependent on the tasks that you will perform on the Laptop. Most of the laptops come with the 512MB of RAM. But for greater performance you need at least 1GB or RAM.

Hard Drive

       

              You need to consider 100 GB or the hard disk as a minimum size if you want to use laptop for business tasks or playing games. For home usage you need to have at least 50 GB or hard disk space.

LCD Viewing Screens

           LCD screens are used for display. Go for 15 inches screen and if you want greater performance then you can also opt for the 16 and 17 inches screen with 1680x1050 resolutions.

Wireless Connectivity

           Make sure that your laptop has built-in wireless connectivity features by using the most powerful wireless technology standard 802.11g.

Optical Drives

           Most of the new laptop computers come with the Combo DVD/CD-RW optical drives. The multi format drives are capable of writing and rewriting both CDs and DVDs.

Warranty

          One of the most important things in your laptop buying decision is to check the warranty of your laptop. Make sure that your laptop warranted for at least 1 year and you are getting free service and support during this time.

Battery

       Battery time is another important factor to check before buying a notebook. 3-4 hours backup is good. Some laptops allow you to replace the optical drives with the second battery to enhance the battery run time.